IN SPOTLIGHT

The future of global security hinges on societal resilience

Defence debates tend to focus on firepower. But the most destabilising risks may come from something far harder to quantify: the fraying of social trust, the manipulation of truth, and the erosion of the middle class.

 
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Epoch Change Tuomo Kuosa Epoch Change Tuomo Kuosa

250-Year Civilisational Mega Epochs and Thousand-Year Ages

Roughly every 250 years, human civilisation undergoes a dramatic reset. They are moments where kingdoms rise and fall, economies shift, values are rewritten, and societies reorganise themselves at every level — political, economic, cultural, even existential. These aren’t ordinary historical moments but mega epochs, when all shorter societal cycles align and force civilisation onto a new path.

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Scenarios Jukka Laikari, Tuomo Kuosa, Marianna Mäki-Teeri, Max Stucki, Shiori Ota Scenarios Jukka Laikari, Tuomo Kuosa, Marianna Mäki-Teeri, Max Stucki, Shiori Ota

Rebuilding Ukraine: Four Future Scenarios

The cost of Ukraine's reconstruction stands at a staggering $486 billion—and climbs higher with each passing day. Timely decisions on investments, workforce, and resources will define the nation’s post-war recovery and long-term future.

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